EXOD607 See [[EXOD592]] Exodus 21:24 eye BLOCH 66-67

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EXOD606 [The Rabbis] transmuted the biblical yamut [this verse], "shall be put to death," always referring to "judicial execution," to death "at the hand of God." [Yevamot 39b and Bekhorot 13a]

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EXOD608 See [[LEV950]] Leviticus 24:21 human ROSNER-BLEICH 137

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EXOD609 [R. Yochanan said: Witnesses are heard only in the presence of the defendant. Whence is this derived?] From: "vehuad bivalav" [i.e., it becomes a mued only (if testimony is given) in the presence of its owner]. Scripture says: Let the ox's owner come and stand over his ox [to hear the testimony against it]. (Bava Kamma 112b)

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EXOD610 This teaches us that he is not liable unless he is warned (Mechilta)

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EXOD611 See [[EXOD592]] Exodus 21:24 eye BLOCH 66-67

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EXOD612 See [[LEV1128]] Leviticus 26:34 rest DORFF-RUTTENBERGSOC 81-3

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EXOD613 … Israel's laws were unique in the ancient Near East; in biblical law we find no vicarious punishment, no capital punishment for crimes against property, while slaves and bond-servants receive relatively generous treatment. [Vicarious punishment--when the penalty for a wrong is suffered by someone other than the perpetrator--is found in the Laws of Hammurabi 230 and 210, and Middle Assyrian Law A55, found in Martha T. Roth, ed., Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995). [This verse and Deut. 24:16 prohibit this practice]. Capital punishment for theft is absent from the Bible except for the misappropriation of goods devoted to the sanctuary, called herem (Deut 7:25-26; Josh 7). The Laws of Hammurabi 6–11, 21-22, 25, and Middle Assyrian Law A3 would inflict capital punishment for a variety of property crimes. Regarding slaves, according to Jeffrey Tigay, Deut 23:16-17 "treats the whole land of Israel as a sanctuary offering permanent asylum" for slaves who flee from foreign countries (The JPS Torah Commentary: Deuteronomy [Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1996], p. 215). Ancient Near Eastern law collections decreed harsh penalties for harboring fugitive slaves; the Laws of Hammurabi 15-20 mandate capital punishment for giving refuge to runaway slaves. Further, Israelite law, in Exod 21:20-21, 26-27, restricts a slaveowner's abuse of his own property, while ancient Near Eastern law makes no such attempt. (By Elaine Adler Goodfriend, “Ethical Theory and Practice in the Hebrew Bible)

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EXOD614 See [[EXOD549]] Exodus 21:14 neighbor SPERO 126-30

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EXOD615 The owner is responsible to pay for damage caused by his animal. If your animal inflicts damage, you are responsible to pay for the damage. This law applies to all animals. The Torah used an ox as an example since that was the most common case. (Choshen Mishpat 389:1). If you own a pet and it damages someone's property, you are obligated to pay even when the person who suffered the damage is not aware of his loss. Your attitude should not be, "If he makes a claim against me, then I'll pay." You should take the initiative to reimburse him for his loss. (See Imre Binah, Parshas Yisro) the laws of how much a person has to pay for damage caused by his animals are dealt with in Choshen Mishpot 389-408).

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