GEN445 [H]e [Adam] has become unique in the world, i.e. a species having no similar species with which he shares this quality he has attained.  What is this quality? It is that he himself, of his own accord, knows the good and the bad things, does whatever he wishes, and is not prevented from doing them.  … Since this is necessary for human existence, I mean, that man performs good and bad actions by his choice when he wishes, it necessarily follows that he can be instructed in the good ways and be commanded, forbidden, punished, and rewarded.  All of this is just.  It is necessary for him to accustom his soul to good actions until he acquires the virtues, and to avoid bed actions until the vices disappear from him, if he has acquired any.  He should not say he has already attained a condition that cannot possibly change, since every condition can change from good to bad and from bad to good; the choice is his.  EWM 88