LEV334 It is a negative commandment not to deny [falsely] anything of value [owed] for Scripture says, neither shall you deal falsely [this verse], and this is an admonition against the lying denial of anything of value worth from a p'rutah and up. It includes all kinds of denial in monetary matters, whether about something entrusted for safekeeping or a loan; whether one person robbed another or cheated him; or he found a lost object and did not return it. If the other sued him for it and he gave a false denial, he has violated this prohibition and becomes disqualified to be a witness and give testimony.

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LEV337 It is a negative commandment not to swear falsely over the denial of a monetary matter as Scripture says, nor shall you lie one to another [this verse]. If someone sues his fellow-man for something of value (excluding land or deeds) worth from a p'rutah [the smallest coin] and up, where if the other admitted it he would be obligated to pay (excluding cases of fines) but he denied it and took an oath, or the claimant (plaintiff) pronounced an oath on him and he denied it [falsely]--the defendant is punishable, even if he did not answer amen. This is [known as] an oath over a pikadon (an object entrusted for safekeeping), and he is obligated to pay the principal [original amount] and a fifth. Whoever violates this prohibition violates also the injunction, And you shall not swear by My name falsely (Ya-yikra 19:12), which applies to an oath of expression. If a person denies his fellow-man's claim to landed property or deeds and he swears falsely, although he is free of pikadon, he is nevertheless liable on account of an oath of expression, since he swore to a lie.

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LEV339 It is a negative commandment to steal no object or item whatever of monetary value as Scripture says, You shall not steal [this verse]. The prohibition applies to anything worth from a p'rutah [the smallest coin] and up. It is all one whether a person steals the item of monetary value of a Jew, a minor, or a non-Jew; he has to make compensation. It is forbidden to steal anything at all by the law of the Torah, as its law applies [even] to anything half [or less than] the minimum amount. It is forbidden to steal anything by way of a joke, or with the intention of returning it, or with the intention of paying for it. It is forbidden to buy anything which can be firmly assumed to have been stolen.

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LEV346 It is a negative commandment not to swear an oath of expression over a falsehood as Scripture says, And you shall not swear by My name falsely [this verse], this being called an oath of expression. A person is punishable for this if he takes a [false] oath over things that it is possible to do, whether in the future or in the past: for example, "that I ate" or "I threw a stone into the sea," or "that so-and so spoke with so-and so," or "that I did not eat" or "I did not throw a stone into the sea," or "that so-and-so did not talk with so-and-so." And in the future: for example, "that I shall eat" or "I shall not eat," or "that I shall throw a pebble, or a stone, into the sea" or "I will not throw." If a person swore to one of these statements, he would violate this prohibition.

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LEV347 See [[LEV337]] Leviticus 19:11 lie CCCBM 123-5

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LEV357 It is a negative commandment not to wrongfully retain anything belonging to one fellow man for Scripture says, You shall not wrongfully deprive your fellow [this verse]. This means that a person is not to withhold an item of monetary value of his fellow-man that came into his hand by the other's wish, and [now] he retains it and does not return it to the other: for example, if he has in his possession a loan [that the other lent him] or wages [that the other has earned] and the other cannot extract it from him because he is powerful, he thus violates this prohibition.

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LEV368 It is a negative commandment not to take anything in robbery from one's fellow-man by main force as Scripture says, nor shall you rob him [this verse]. The prohibition of this injunction is on anything worth from a p'rutah [the smallest coin] and up; yet even less than that is forbidden [although not punishable], like any half of [less than] a minimum amount. If a person takes [even] something worth a p'rutah in robbery from his fellow-man, it is as though he takes his life.

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LEV370 It is a negative commandment not to delay the payment of a hired man's wages for Scripture says, the wages of a hired man shall not remain with you [all night] until the morning [this verse]; and it says further, neither shall the sun go down on it (D'varim 24:15). For if he was a hired man for the day, he is to collect [his wages at any time] during the entire night; about this Scripture says, [… all night] until the morning [this verse]. And if he was a hired man for the night, he is to collect [his wages at any time] during the entire day; hence it says, neither shall the sun go down on it. A man hired for certain hours of the day is to collect [at any time] during the entire day. A man hired for certain hours of the night is the collect [at any time] during the entire night. [In the case of a craftsmen who is hired to repair an object] as long as the object is in the possession of the craftsman, even if the craftsman informed the owner that he completed it, he [the owner] commits no transgression. If he does not demand his payment from him, he [the owner] commits no transgression. And even if he demanded it of him and he did not have what to give him, or if he [the employer] passed him on to another person and the other took it upon himself [to pay], he is free of guilt. If a person delays the wages of a hired man beyond the allotted time, he disobeys the positive commandment, On the same day you shall give him his wage (D'varim 24:15), and he violates this prohibition. If after the time he delays further, he violates a prohibition from the words of the later parts of Scripture: Do not say to your fellow, "Go and come again," etc. (Mishley 3:28). It is all one whether it is the hire of a man or a domestic animal or tools and instruments; these words of Scripture apply to it: On the same day you shall give him his wage; neither shall the sun go down on it; and the wages… shall not remain with you all night. If someone wrongfully retains the wages of a hired man, it is as though he takes his life, and he violates all the prohibitions noted above, as well as the positive commandment; and he also violates the injunctions You shall not wrongfully deprive your fellow, nor rob him [this verse].

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LEV378 See [[EXOD865]] Exodus 23:8 bribe CCCBM 159

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LEV385 It is a negative commandment to curse no decent person in Jewry for Scripture says, You shall not curse the deaf [this verse]; it speaks of a deaf person to make a stronger point – – that even though this individual does not hear and suffers no distress from the curse, nevertheless one transgresses by cursing him. If a person curses himself, he likewise violates this. However, one who utters a curse does not commit the transgression unless he does so with the Divine name or a substitute name [of God]. If it was even with any term by which the heathen call the Holy One, blessed is He, that is like any of the substitute holy names.

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